Environmental Toxicology I

History and Scope of Toxicology

Principles of Toxicology

• Different Areas of Toxicology
• Classification of Toxic Agent
• Spectrum of Undesired Effects

Interaction of Chemicals

• Additive
• Synergistics
• Potentiation
• Antagonism

Dose Response

• Individual or Graded
• Response Relationships
• Quantal Dose
• Dose Response Curves

Variation in Toxic Responses

• Selective Toxicity
• Species Differences
• Individual Differences

Animal Toxicity Tests

• Acute
• Subacute
• Subchronic
• Chronic
• Development and Reproductive Toxicology
• Mutagenicity
• Skin and Eye Irritation
   

Mechanisms of Toxicity

• Delivery
• Absorption
• Distribution
• Excretion
• Cellular Dysfunctions and resultant toxicities
• Repair or Dysrepair

Biotransformation of Xenobiotics

• Phase I Enzymes (Hydrolysis, Reduction, Oxidation
• Phase II Enzyme Reactions (Glucuronidation, Sulfation, Methylation, Acelylation, Amino-acid conjugation Glutathione Conjugation, Phosphorylation)

Risk Assessment

• Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of Chemicals)
• Risk Characterization
• Risk Perception & comparative Analysis of Risk
• Environmental Impact Assessment
   

Specific Responses of Toxicity

• Carcionogenesis
• Mutagenecity (Genetic Toxicology)
• Teratogenecity (Development Toxicity)
   

Target Organ Toxicity

• Liver
• Kidney
• Nervous System
• Blood
   

Physicochemical nature & Effect of Toxic Agents

• Pesticides: (General account ) Organochlorine Compound, Antocholinesterase agents and pyrethroids esters
• Metals (Arsenic,Lead, Mercury)
• Industrial Solvents (General account)
• Radiation & Radioactive materials