TOOLS & TECHNIQUES

Paper Code: 
25DZOL801
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
4.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course objectives:

This course will enable the students to -

1.  To provide students with a basic understanding of diverse techniques from microscopy to spectroscopy, colorimetry, chromatography, electrophoresis, ELISA, tissue culture to cloning etc.

2.  The course gives a hands-on approach to expose the students to modern tools, techniques and methodologies.

Course Outcomes: 

Course

Learning outcomes (at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Course Code

Course Title

 

25DZOL

801

Tools &

Techniques

CO137: Develop an Understanding

about working and application of

different types of microscopy.

CO138:    Appraise    the                detailed

knowledge of various quantitative

and         qualitative               analytical

techniques.

CO139: Develop an understanding

of the principle and applications of

radioisotopes in biological sciences and detection and measurement of radiation.

CO140. Acquire knowledge about

modern    tools,    techniques               and

methodologies of DNA sequencing,

blotting, PCR and gene libraries.

CO141: Analysing the

technique of cell and tissue culture

and an idea of various reproductive

technologies

CO142:   Contribute effectively  in

course-specific interaction

Approach in

teaching:

Interactive

Lectures,

Discussion,

PowerPoint

presentations,

Assignments,

Guest lectures

Learning activities for the students:

Self-learning

assignments,

Seminar

presentation,

Class test

Semester

end

examinations

Quiz

Assignments

Presentation

Individual

and group

presentations

 

15.00
Unit I: 
Microscopy

Principle and application of: Light microscopy

Phase contrast microscopy

Polarized microscopy

Fluorescence microscopy

Transmission electron microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy

Confocal scanning microscopy

15.00
Unit II: 
Centrifugation, Electrophoresis & Chromatography

Principle and application of:

Ultracentrifugation: Differential and density gradient

Electrophoresis: Agarose, PAGE, Isoelectric- focussing points and Capillary electrophoresis

Chromatography: Course, TLC, GLC, HPLC, Ion- exchange and Affinity chromatography

Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetry

Spectrophotometer: Fluorescence, UV, NMR, ESR.

10.00
Unit III: 
Radioisotopes and their applications

Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology

Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes

Tracer techniques in biology

Autoradiography

Geiger Muller counter

Scintillation Counter

Freeze techniques: Freeze –drying, Freeze substitution, Freeze fracture and freeze itch Flow cytometry/fluorescence activated cell sorter

10.00
Unit IV: 
Sequencing & PCR

Principles and technique of:

Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves Sequencing of nucleic acids

Blotting techniques (Southern, Northern and Western)

Polymerase chain reaction

Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries

10.00
Unit V: 
Cell culture techniques

Hybridoma technology Embryo sexing

Assisted reproductive technologies

Cell culture techniques: culture media, primary and secondary culture, cell line, transformation techniques (in brief) Cell proliferation measurements, Cell viability test

Essential Readings: 

ESSENTIAL READINGS:

●     Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th edition), G Karp, John Wiley &sons, Inc., 2005.

●     Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,(6th edition), K Wilson and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007

●     Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,

●     Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987

References: 

SUGGESTED READINGS:

●     Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000

●     Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J Ninfa., D                                                                                                                   P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998.

●     Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003

●     Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004

●     Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd edition), R K Scopes, Spring International, 2004

●     Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G GHames, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005

e-RESOURCES:

●     https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc22_bt18/preview

●     https://nptel.ac.in/courses/102108086

e-PGPathshala:

●     https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/Home/ViewSubject?ca tid=2rAs1Puvga4LW93zMe83aA =

●     https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

●     https://vlab.amrita.edu/index.php?s ub=3&brch=311

JOURNALS:

●     Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. ISSN (print): 0219-7200 | ISSN (online): 1757- 6334.

●     BMC Bioinformatics, Publisher: BioMed Central ltd. ISSN: 1471-2105. 29

 

Academic Year: 
2025-2026
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