TOOLS & TECHNIQUES

Paper Code: 
24DZOL801
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 
Course objectives: 
This course will enable the students to - 
1. To provide students with a basic understanding of diverse techniques from microscopy to spectroscopy, colorimetry, chromatography, electrophoresis, ELISA, tissue culture to cloning etc. 
2. The course gives a hands-on approach to expose the students to modern tools, techniques and methodologies.  
 
Course Outcomes: 

Course

Learning outcomes

 (at course level)

Learning and 

teaching 

strategies

Assessment  Strategies

Course 

Code

Course Title

24DZOL 801

Tools

&

Techniques

CO137: Develop an Understanding about working and application of different types of microscopy. 

CO138: Appraise the detailed knowledge of various quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques.

CO139: Develop an understanding of the principle and applications of radioisotopes in biological sciences and detection and measurement of radiation.

CO140. Acquire knowledge about modern tools, techniques and methodologies of DNA sequencing, blotting, PCR and gene libraries.

CO141: Analysing the 

technique of cell and tissue culture and an idea of various reproductive 

technologies

CO142: Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction

Approach in 

teaching:

Interactive 

Lectures, 

Discussion, 

PowerPoint 

presentations, 

Assignments, 

Guest lectures

Learning 

activities for the students:

Self-learning

assignments,  

Seminar 

presentation, 

 

Class test 

Semester 

end 

examinations Quiz

Assignments Presentation Individual 

and group 

presentations

 

15.00
Unit I: 
Microscopy
Principle and application of:
Light microscopy
Phase contrast microscopy
Polarized microscopy
Fluorescence microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy
Confocal scanning microscopy
 
15.00
Unit II: 
Centrifugation, Electrophoresis & Chromatography
Principle and application of:
Ultracentrifugation: Differential and density gradient
Electrophoresis: Agarose, PAGE, Isoelectric- focussing points and Capillary  electrophoresis
Chromatography: Course, TLC, GLC, HPLC,Ion- exchange and Affinity chromatography 
Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetry,
Spectrophotometer: Fluorescence, UV, NMR, ESR.
 
10.00
Unit III: 
Radioisotopes and their applications
Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology
Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes
Tracer techniques in biology
Autoradiography
Geiger Muller counter
Scintillation Counter
Freeze techniques: Freeze –drying, Freeze substitution, Freeze fracture and freeze itch
Flow cytometry/fluorescence activated cell sorter
 
10.00
Unit IV: 
Sequencing & PCR
Principles and technique of:
Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves
Sequencing of nucleic acids
Blotting techniques (Southern, Northern and Western)
Polymerase chain reaction
Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries
 
10.00
Unit V: 
Cell culture techniques
Hybridoma technology
Embryo sexing
Assisted reproductive technologies
Cell culture techniques: culture media, primary and secondary culture, cell line,  transformation techniques (in brief) Cell proliferation measurements, Cell viability test
 
Essential Readings: 
ESSENTIAL READINGS:
● Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th edition), G Karp, John Wiley  &sons, Inc., 2005.
● Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,(6th edition), K Wilson  and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007
● Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,
● Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons,  Inc, 1987
 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
● Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000
● Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J Ninfa., D  P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998.
● Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003
● Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2004
● Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd edition), R K Scopes, Spring  International, 2004
● Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G GHames, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005
 
e-RESOURCES:
e-PGPathshala:
 
JOURNALS:
● Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. ISSN (print): 0219-7200 | ISSN  (online): 1757-6334.
● BMC Bioinformatics, Publisher: BioMed Central ltd. ISSN: 1471-2105.
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Academic Year: 
2024-2025
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