Spectroscopy: Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Types of Spectroscopy. Atomic Spectroscopy: Flame Emission Spectroscopy and X- Ray Spectroscopy Molecular Spectroscopy: IR Spectroscopy, UV Spectroscopy and Visible Spectroscopy Nuclear Spectroscopy: NMR Spectroscopy
Microscopy: Magnifiers and microscopes, simple and compound microscopes. Types of microscopy – Optical Microscopy (Bright Field and Dark Field Microscopy, Phase contrast Microscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, Confocal and Wide Field Deconvolution Microscopy ); Electron Microscopy (SEM, TEM).
Histology of Tissues: Selection of material, chemical fixation, fixatives, tissue dehydration using a graded solvent series of ethanol or acetone, rehydration, infiltration and embedding tissues, sectioning, mounting and staining, alternate methods of microtomy (cryotome, cryostat and vibratome).
Chromatography: Technique, types, applications and limitations.
Techniques based on physical state of mobile phase- Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chromatography and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Techniques based on separating mechanism- Ion Exchange Chromatography and Size Exclusion Chromatography
Microbiological techniques: Sterilization and disinfection, Simple and Complex Media, Preparation of media -solid and liquid media, nutrient agar slabs, slants and plates, Staining techniques, simple and differential staining, Instrumentation, Inoculation, Pure culture techniques: streak plate, pour plate and spread plate method.