TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

Paper Code: 
25ZOL222
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 
This course will enable the students to -
1. To provide students with a basic understanding of diverse techniques from microscopy to spectroscopy, calorimetry, chromatography, electrophoresis, ELISA, tissue culture to cloning etc.
2. The course gives a hands-on approach to expose the students to modern tools, techniques and methodologies.
 
Course Outcomes: 

Course

Learning outcomes (at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessme nt Strategies

Course Code

Course Title

25ZOL

222

Tools &

Techniques

(Theory)

CO43: Develop an understanding, working and  its   correct

application of different types of microscopy.

CO44:    Appraise    the  detailed knowledge of various quantitative and  qualitative   analytical techniques.

CO45: Develop an understanding of the principle and applications of radioisotopes in biological sciences and detection and measurement of radiation.

CO46: Intercept the knowledge about  modern tools,  blotting techniques and methodologies,sequencing  of DNA,PCR, libraries

CO47:  Analyzing  the

technique of cell and tissue

culture and an idea on various reproductive technologies

CO48: Contribute effectively

in course-specific interaction

Approach in

teaching:

Interactive

Lectures,

Discussion,

PowerPoint

presentations,

Assignments,

Demonstrati

on,     Guest

lectures Learning activities for

the students:

Self-learning

assignments,

Effective

questions,

Simulation,

Seminar

presentation,

Giving tasks,

Field practical

Class test Semester end examinatio ns Quiz Assignmen ts Presentatio n Individual and group

presentations

 

15.00
Unit I: 
Principle and application of:
● Light microscopy
● Phase contrast microscopy
● Polarized microscopy
● Fluorescence microscopy
● Transmission electron microscopy
● Scanning electron microscopy
● Confocal scanning microscopy
15.00
Unit II: 
Principle and application of:
● Ultracentrifugation: Differential and density gradient
● Electrophoresis: Agarose, PAGE, Isoelectro- focussing points and Capillary electrophoresis
● Chromatography: Course, TLC, GLC, HPLC,Ion- exchange and Affinity chromatography
● Lamberts – Beer’s Law and Colorimetry,
● Spectrophotometer: Fluorescence, UV, NMR, ESR.
 
10.00
Unit III: 
UNIT III
● Principle and application of radiation techniques in biology
o Radioisotopes and half life of isotopes
o Tracer techniques in biology
o Autoradiography
o Geiger Muller counter
o Scintillation Counter
● Freeze techniques: Freeze –drying, Freeze substitution, Freeze fracture and freeze itch
● Flow cytometry/fluorescence activated cell sorter
 
10.00
Unit IV: 
Principles and technique of:
● Nucleic acid hybridization and cot curves
● Sequencing of nucleic acids
● Blotting techniques (Southern, Northern and Western)
● Polymerase chain reaction
● Screening of genomic and complementary DNA libraries
10.00
Unit V: 
UNIT V
● Hybridoma technology
● Embryo sexing
● Assisted reproductive technologies
● Cell culture techniques: culture media, primary and secondary culture, cell line, transformation techniques (in brief) Cell proliferation measurements, Cell viability test
 
Essential Readings: 
● Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments, (4th edition), G Karp, John Wiley &sons, Inc., 2005.
● Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ,(6th edition), K Wilson and J Walker (editor), Cambridge University Press, 2007
● Introduction to Instrumental analysis; Robert Braun:, Mc –Graw hill,
● Cell and Molecular Biology, (3rd edition), P Sheeler and D E Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1987
 
References: 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
● Essentials of Biophysics, P Narayanan, New Age Int. Pub. New Delhi. 2000
● Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A J Ninfa., D P Ballou, Fitzgerald science press, Inc., 1998.
● Principles and Practice of Bioanalysis, R F Venn, Taylor and Francis, 2003
● Bioinstrumentation, J G Webster, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2000 Protein Purification Principles and Practice, (3rd edition), R K Scopes,
● Spring International, 2004
● Spectroscopy for the Biological Sciences, G GHames, John Wiley & Sons Inc. 2005
e-RESOURCES:
e-PGPathshala:
JOURNALS:
● Journal of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology. ISSN (print): 0219-7200 | ISSN (online): 1757-6334.
● BMC Bioinformatics, Publisher: BioMed Central ltd. ISSN: 1471-2105. 
 
Academic Year: 
2025-2026
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