History and Scope of Toxicology
Principles of Toxicology
· Different Areas of Toxicology
· Classification of Toxic Agent
· Spectrum of Undesired Effects
Interaction of Chemicals
· Additive
· Synergistics
· Potentiation
· Antagonism
Dose Response
· Individual or Graded
· Response Relationships
· Quantal Dose
· Dose Response Curves
Variation in Toxic Responses
· Selective Toxicity
· Species Differences
· Individual Differences
Animal Toxicity Tests
· Acute
· Subacute
· Subchronic
· Chronic
· Development and Reproductive Toxicology
· Mutagenicity
Skin and Eye Irritation
Mechanisms of Toxicity
· Delivery
· Absorption
· Distribution
· Excretion
· Cellular Dysfunctions and resultant toxicities
· Repair or Dysrepair
Biotransformation of Xenobiotics
· Phase I Enzymes (Hydrolysis, Reduction, Oxidation
· Phase II Enzyme Reactions (Glucuronidation, Sulfation, Methylation, Acelylation, Amino-acid conjugation Glutathione Conjugation, Phosphorylation)
Risk Assessment
· Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of Chemicals)
· Risk Characterization
· Risk Perception & comparative Analysis of Risk
Environmental Impact Assessment
Specific Responses of Toxicity
· Carcionogenesis
· Mutagenecity (Genetic Toxicology)
Teratogenecity (Development Toxicity)
Target Organ Toxicity
· Liver
· Kidney
· Nervous System
Blood
Physicochemical nature & Effect of Toxic Agents