General Physiology

Paper Code: 
ZOL 221
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course objectives:

This course will enable the students to

  1. Emphasize on the normal physiology of each organ system of the body to students; this includes knowledge of the structure and function of the major organ systems, including the molecular, biochemical and cellular mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis.
  2. Develop an understanding about the role of various enzymes and other factors involved in the physiology of digestion, respiration, muscles, nervous system, circulatory system and their associated disorders.

 

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course

Learning outcomes

                       (at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

ZOL 221

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

General Physiology

The students will  –

CO32: Develop an understanding about the process of digestion and absorption of major constituents of food and mechanism of walk along the theory of muscle contraction.

CO33:  Analyse about the structure of heart, cardiac cycle, conduction of impulse and blood coagulation.

CO34: Acquire the knowledge about mechanism and nervous and chemical regulation of breathing, role of haemoglobin and transport of gases based on partial pressure.

CO35: Develop an understanding about the process of excretion and role of kidneys and components of the nervous system and conduction of nerve impulses.

CO36: Intercept the knowledge about different endocrine glands, their hormones, functions and mechanism of hormone action.

Approach in teaching:

Interactive Lectures, Discussion, Tutorials, Reading assignments, Demonstration, Team teaching

 

Learning activities for the students:

Self-learning assignments, Effective questions, Simulation, Seminar presentation, Giving tasks, Field practical

Class test

Semester end examinations

Quiz

Assignments

Presentation

Individual and group projects

 

13.00
Unit I: 
UNIT I
Digestion
● Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
● Intestinal absorption and assimilation Physiology of movement
● Ultrastructure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
● Muscle contraction
● Physical properties of muscle
 
14.00
Unit II: 
UNIT II
Respiration
● Gases in external environment
● Respiratory organs and their ventilation.
● Respiratory pigments, Role of haemoglobin.
● BMR
● Transport of respiratory gases
● Concept of partial pressure
● Nervous and chemical control of respiration 
Circulation
● Structure of heart
● Cardiac muscle properties
● Origin, conduction and regulation of heartbeat
● Cardiac cycle
● Blood coagulation
 

 

11.00
Unit III: 
UNIT III
Osmotic and ionic regulation
● Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
Excretion
● Functional architecture of mammalian kidney and Nephron.
● Formation of urine
● Counter current mechanism
● Hormonal regulation of water and electrolyte balance
● Renal regulation of acid base balance
 
8.00
Unit IV: 
UNIT IV
Information processing in sensory and nervous system
● Nervous System- Structural elements
● Membrane potential, Nerve impulse propagation
● Synapse and Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
● Reflex activity and reflex arc
 
14.00
Unit V: 
UNIT V
Chemical correlation and Neuroendocrine control
Endocrine glands (Structure, Function, Synthesis and Disorders)
● Pituitary
● Thyroid
● Thymus
● Adrenal
● Pancreas
● Parathyroid
 
Essential Readings: 
Sembulingam, K.Sembulingam. Essentials of medical Physiology, Jaypee Brothers  Medical Publishers, New Delhi. 
● TextBook of Medical Physiology; Chatterjee, M.N and Shinde, R.; Jaypee brothers.( 2007)
● TextBook of Medical Physiology; Guyton, A.C; International student edition. W.B.  Saunders, 12th edition.
● Medical Physiology Indu Khurana & Arushi Khurana. Publisher: New Delhi : Reed Elsevier India, 2006. 
 
References: 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
● General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of Indian. 
● Animal Physiology: adaptation and Environment,KnutSch mdt Nielsen. Cambridge Press,  UK. 
● Ganong. Review of medical physiology. 21 st edition, Lang medical Publications. 
● An Introduction to Animal Physiology, Ian Kay, Bios scientific Pub., Oxford, UK.
 
e-RESOURCES:
● e-PGpathshala- inflibnet center- 
● Physiology-Swayamprabha-https://dth.ac.in/medical/course.php
● Anatomy-SwayamPrabha-  https://dth.ac.in/medical/course.php
 
e- JOURNALS: 
● American Journal of Physiology-
● Journal of Applied Physiology
● Frontiers in Physiology
 
Academic Year: 
2022-2023
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