Gene Differentiation and Gamete Biology

Paper Code: 
ZOL 421
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Course objectives:

This course will enable the students to –

  1. Develop an understanding of scope and historical background of developmental biology to the students, impart knowledge regarding basic concepts of differentiation, morphogenesis and pattern formation and stem cells.
  2. Analyse and demonstrate essential events of developmental biology through proper explanation of gametogenesis, and stages of embryonic development and foetal formation and anomalies associated with the development.

 

Course Outcomes (COs):

Course

Learning outcomes

(at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

Paper Code

Paper Title

ZOL421

Gene Differentiation & Gamete Biology

 

Students will :

CO120: Differentiate and evaluate  about the levels of organization among different groups of vertebrates and understand that different organs and organ systems integrate to impart proper regulation of a particular function

CO121: Develop an understanding about the process of gamete formation from stem cell population to mature ova and sperm.

CO122: Appraise the detailed knowledge of steps leading to the formation of gametes and development of embryos.

CO123: Describe the mechanisms underpinning cellular diversity and specificity in animals.

CO124: Analyse and demonstrate the process of Morphogenesis and Teratogenesis.

Approach in teaching:

Interactive Lectures, Discussion, Tutorials, Reading assignments, Demonstration, Team teaching

Learning activities for the students:

Self-learning assignments, Effective questions, Simulation, Seminar presentation, Charts or model preparation

 

Class test

Semester end examinations,

Quiz

Assignments,

Presentations

Surprise test

Open book test
 

 

16.00
Unit I: 
UNIT I

Introduction to animal development

  • Problems and scope of developmental biology
  • Development in unicellular eukaryotes
  • Developmental patterns in Metazoans Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis & vitellogenesis

  • Morphology
  • Endocrinology
  • Ovarian follicular growth and differentiation
  • Ovulation and ovum transport in mammals

 

12.00
Unit II: 
UNIT II

Fertilization

Creating multicellularity

  • Cleavage types, planes and pattern
  • Blastulation
  • Gastrulation in tetrapods: Morphogenetic movements Early Vertebrate development (till differentiation)
  • Neurulation: Formation and Differentiation of neural tube
  • Derivatives of Ectoderm, Mesoderm and endoderm

 

12.00
Unit III: 
UNIT III
  • Cell commitment, specification and differentiation
  • Cell specification in nematodes
  • Germ cell determinants
  • Germ cell migration
  • Progressive cell -cell interaction Early development in Birds andMammals
  • Cleavage and Gastrulation
  • Establishment of bod axis

 

 

10.00
Unit IV: 
UNIT IV
● Genetics of axis specifications in Drosophila Homeoboxconcept
Tetrapod limb development
● Specification of the Limb fields:Hox genes andRetinoic acid
● Induction of the early Limb bud : Fibroblast Growth factors
● Specification of Forelimb or Himd limb:Tbx4 andTbx5
● Induction of the apical Ectodermal ridge
● Generating the Proximal –Distal axis of the limb
● Specification of the Anterior –Posterior limb
● Generation of the Dorsal –Ventral axis of the limb
● Coordination of the three axis
● Cell Death and the formation of the digits andJoints Hormones as mediators of development
● Amphibians Metamorphosis: Morphological Changes, Biochemical Changes associated with metamorphosis and HormonalControl
● Insect Metamorphosis: Types of insect metamorphosis, Hormonal control
 
10.00
Unit V: 
UNIT V
● Chromosomal sex determination in mammals: Testis determining genes, Ovarian genes
● Secondary sex determination in mammals Environmental sex determination Significance of Stem Cells
● Teratology
 
Essential Readings: 
  • Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, IX Edition, SinauerAssociates,Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
  • An Introduction to Embryology :Balinsky, B.I. : W.B. Saudersm,Delhi.
  • Development Biology. Berrill, N.J. McGraw Hill book Com. NewYork.

 

References: 

SUGGESTED READINGS:

  • Modern Embryology : Bodemer, C.W. : Holt Rein chart and Winstom, Inc. New York, Chicago.
  • Carlson, R. F. Patten's Foundations of Embryology
  • Kalthoff (2008). Analysis of Biological Development, II Edition, McGraw- HillPublishers.
  • Lewis Wolpert (2002). Principles of Development. II Edition, Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Gene activity during early development, Davidson, E. H. Academic Press, New York.

e RESOURCES:

Journal:

  • Journal of Developmental Biology
  • International Journal of Developmental Biology

 

Academic Year: 
2022-2023
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