Embryology and Teratology

• General principle of teratology (genetic factors, critical period, initiating mechanism, consequences of abnormal development, Access to embryo and fetus- dose response relationship)

• Teratological mechanism (mutation, chromosomal abnormalities, mitotic interference, interference with nucleic acid function, nutritional deficiencies , altered energy, changes in osmolarity, changes in cell membrane, enzyme inhibition.)

• Teratogens; some specific examples.(Human and experimental animals)

• Transport and biotransformation of xenobiotics by placenta/extra embryonic membranes.

• Female reproduction (Hypothalamus, ovary assessment of female reproductive functions),

• Male reproduction (Biology of male reproduction, assessment of male reproductive function)

• Reproduction

• Structure and chemistry of the fertilized egg

• Cleavage

• Blastulation

• Gastrulation

• Neurulation and tubulation

Development of chick according to the hours of incubation

• 24hrs

33 hrs

• 48 hrs

• 72 hrs

• 96 hrs till hatching.

• Extra embryonic membranes of chick-types and their development

• Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

• Dietary Toxicity Studies

• Endocrine Disruptor Studies

• Embryotoxicity of Industrial Chemical on chick embryo

• Physiological and Biological