Embryology and Teratology

Teratogenesis

·         General principle of teratology (genetic factors, critical period, initiating mechanism, consequences of abnormal development, Access to embryo and fetus- dose response relationship)

·         Teratological mechanism (mutation, chromosomal abnormalities, mitotic interference, interference with nucleic acid function, nutritional deficiencies , altered energy, changes in osmolarity, changes in cell membrane, enzyme inhibition.)

·         Teratogens; some specific examples.(Human and experimental animals)

Transport and biotransformation of xenobiotics by placenta/extra embryonic membranes

Reproductive Toxicology

• Female reproduction (Hypothalamus, ovary assessment of female reproductive functions),
• Male reproduction (Biology of male reproduction, assessment of male reproductive function)

Embryogenesis of Chick

·         Reproduction

·         Structure and chemistry of the fertilized egg

·         Cleavage

·         Blastulation

·         Gastrulation

Neurulation and tubulation

Development of chick according to the hours of incubation

• 24hrs
• 33 hrs
• 48 hrs
• 72 hrs
• 96 hrs till hatching.

Extra embryonic membranes of chick-types and their development

Avian Teratology:

• Acute Oral Toxicity Studies
• Dietary Toxicity Studies
• Endocrine Disruptor Studies
• Embryotoxicity of Industrial Chemical on chick embryo

Physiological and Biological effects of pesticide residues in poultry