DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY THEORY

Paper Code: 
25CZOL511
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 
This course will enable the students to:
 
1.     Understand gametogenesis and egg types.
 
2.     Explore fertilization mechanisms and early embryo development.
 
3.     Analyze germ layer development and extra-embryonic membranes
Course Outcomes: 

Course

Learning outcomes (at course level)

Learning and teaching strategies

Assessment Strategies

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25CZOL511

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY THEORY

CO:97 Understand the historical background and processes of gametogenesis, including spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Learn about different types of eggs and their membranes.

CO:98 Explore fertilization mechanisms,                                cleavage patterns, and early developmental stages in frog and chick embryos. Study embryonic induction and organizers.

CO:99 Analyze fate maps, germ layer development, and extra-embryonic membranes in birds. Investigate human embryo implantation and placental structure and functions.

CO:100                                Examine metamorphosis                                          and regeneration processes in amphibians and insects. Discuss theories related to aging.

CO:101                      Discuss teratogenesis, in vitro fertilization techniques, and the concept of stem cells, focusing on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and their implications.

CO:102 Contribute effectively in course-specific interaction

The approach in teaching: Interactive Lectures, Discussion, Tutorials, Reading assignments, Demonstration, Team teaching

Learning activities for the students: Self-learning assignments, Effective questions, Simulation, Seminar presentation, Giving tasks, Chart preparation

Assessment Strategies Class test, Semester end examinations, Quiz, Solving problems in tutorials, Assignments, Presentation.

 

12.00
Unit I: 
Introduction
Historical perspective
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis; Types of eggs
Egg membranes
 
12.00
Unit II: 
Early Embryonic Development
Fertilization (External and Internal): Blocks to polyspermy 
Planes and patterns of cleavage;
Types of Blastula
Gastrulation; 
Embryonic induction and organizers
 
12.00
Unit III: 
Late Embryonic Development
Fate maps (including Techniques) Fate of Germ Layers;
Extra-embryonic membranes in birds;
Implantation of embryo in humans
 Placenta: Structure, types and functions of placenta
 
12.00
Unit IV: 
Post Embryonic Development
Metamorphosis: Changes, hormonal regulations in amphibians and insects
Regeneration: Modes of regeneration, epimorphosis, morphallaxis and compensatory regeneration (with one example each);
Ageing: Concepts and Theories
 
12.00
Unit V: 
Implications of Developmental Biology
Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic development; In-vitro fertilization
Stem cell: Types and their significance
 
Essential Readings: 
• P S Verma and V K Agarwal Chordate Embryology S. Chand Publishing, 2006 ISBN 8121902614
• K.V. Sastry & Vineeta Shukla Developmental Biology 2nd Revised Edition: 2018-2019 ISBN 978-93-5078-128- 9.
• Gilbert, S. F. (2010). Developmental Biology, IX Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
• Balinsky B. I. and Fabian B. C. (1981). An Introduction to Embryology, V Edition, International Thompson Computer Press.
 
 
 
References: 
SUGGESTED READINGS:
● Carlson, R. F. Patten's Foundations of Embryology
● Kalthoff (2008). Analysis of Biological Development, II Edition, McGraw-Hill Publishers
● Lewis Wolpert (2002). Principles of Development. II Edition, Oxford University Press
● Developmental Biology. Berril. N.J. and Karp. G.McGraw Hill, New York.
 
e-RESOURCES:
 
JOURNAL:
• Journal of Developmental Biology
• International Journal of Developmental Biology 
Academic Year: 
2025-2026
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