General Physiology

Paper Code: 
ZOL 221
Credits: 
4
Contact Hours: 
60.00
Max. Marks: 
100.00
Objective: 

Objectives

  1. The student will demonstrate a thorough understanding of the normal physiology of each organ system of the body.
  2.  Knowledge of the structure and function of the major organ systems, including the molecular, biochemical and cellular mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis.
  3. Students would be able to understand physiology of digestion, respiration, muscles, nervous system, circulatory system and their associated disorders.

Learning outcomes-

  1. Students are able to understand the physiology at  cellular and system levels.
  2. Students are able to describe the role and functions of different biomolecules.
  3. Able to describe the physiology of digestion.
  4. Students would be able to describe physiology of digestion, respiration, muscles, nervous system, circulatory system and their associated disorders

 

13.00
Unit I: 
UNIT I

Digestion

  • Digestive enzymes and digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
  • Intestinal absorption and  assimilation

Physiology of movement

  • Ultra-structure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
  • Muscle contraction

Physical properties of muscle

14.00
Unit II: 
UNIT II

Respiration

  • Gases in external environment
  •  Respiratory organs and their ventilation.
  • Respiratory pigments, Role of haemoglobin.
  • BMR
  • Transport of respiratory gases
  • Concept of partial pressure
  • Nervous and chemical control of respiration

Circulation

  • Structure of heart
  • Cardiac muscle properties
  • Origin, conduction and regulation of heart beat
  • Cardiac cycle

Blood  coagulation

11.00
Unit III: 
UNIT III

Osmotic and ionic regulation

  • Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance in aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.

Excretion

·         Functional architecture of mammalian kidney&Nephron.

  • Formation of urine
  • Counter current mechanism
  • Hormonal regulation of water and electrolyte balance

Renal regulation of acid base balance 

8.00
Unit IV: 
UNIT IV

Information processing in sensory and nervous system

  • Nervous System- Structural elements
  • Membrane potential, Nerve impulse propagation
  • Synapse and Synaptic Transmission and Neurotransmitters
  • Reflex activity and reflex arc

 

14.00
Unit V: 
UNIT V

Chemical correlation and Neuroendocrine control

Endocrine glands (Structure,Function, Synthesis and Disorders)

  • Pituitary
  • Thyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Parathyroid
  • Gonads
  • Hormonal control of male and female reproduction ; implantation, parturition and lactation in mammals.
  • Mechanism of Hormone action

 

Essential Readings: 

Essential reading

  • Text Book of Medical Physiology; Chatterjee, M.N and Shinde, R.; Jaypee brothers.
  • Text Book of Medical Physiology: InduKhurana
  • Text Book of Medical Physiology; Guyton A.C.;

 

References: 

Suggested reading

  • Animal Physiology Mechanisms and Adaptation. Eckert, R.W.H. Freeman and Company, New York
  • Biochemical Adaptation. I-fochachka,P.W. and Somero, G.N. Princeton, New Jersey.
  • General and Comparative Animal Physiology, Hoar, W.S.Prentice Hall of Indian.
  • Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment, SchiemdtNeilsen. Cambridge
  • A regulatory Systems Approach. Strand, F.L.Physiology: Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.
  • Practical Biochemistry, Pummer, L. Tata McGraw Hill
  • Environmental and Metabolic Animal Physiology, Prosser, C.L.Wiley-Liss Inc., New York.
  • Environmental Physiology, Willmer,P.G.Stone, and I.Johnson. Blackwell Sci. Oxford, UK.
  • Adaptation to Environment. Essays on the Physiology of Marine Animals. Newell, R.C. (ed.) 1976. Butterworths, London, UK.
  • Physiological Ecology: An evolutionally approach to resource use. Townsend, C.R. and P. Cawlow. Blackwell Sci. Publ., Oxford, UK
  • Optima for Animals. Alexander, R.M.N. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton, NJ
    • Comparative Physiology: Life in water or land. Dejours,P., L. Bolis,                         C.R.Taylor and ER. Weibel (eds.). Liviana Press, Padova, Italy
    • Animals and Temperature: Phenotypic and Evolutionary Adaptation. Johnson, I.A., &A.F.Bennett (eds.) Cambridge Univ.Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • Physiological Animal Ecology. Louw, G.N.LongmanHarloss, UK.
    • General and Comparative Endocrinology, E.J.W.Barrington. Oxford. Clarendon Press.
    • Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology. P.J.Bentley. Cambridge University Press.
    • Text Book of Endocrinology, R.H.Williams. W.B. Saunders.
    • Endocrine Physiology. C.R.Martin. Oxford Univ. Press.
    • Comparative Endocrinology, A. Gorbman et al. John Wiley & Sons

 

Academic Year: 
2019-2020
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